This eJournal distributes working and accepted paper abstracts having a primary focus on Greek and Roman texts from antiquity to the present. Additional subcategories and/or subdivisions of them will be added as appropriate.

Click here to Browse our Electronic Library to view our archives of abstracts and associated full text papers published in this journal.


Textual Transmission eJournal Advisory BoardClick on the individual's name below to view the editor or advisory board member's author home page.


Andrew L. Ford

Carin M. Green

Judith Evans Grubbs

Dirk Obbink

Josiah Ober

Andrew M. Riggsby

Ruth S. Scodel

This eJournal distributes working and accepted paper abstracts having a primary focus on the religions of Greece and Rome. Papers dealing with specifically Greek or Roman religion will appear in the appropriate subcategory, more general or comparative work in the General subcategory. The Religions of Peripheral Cultures has its own subcategory. The subcategory for Christianity has three subdivisions for History, Theology and Cult. Additional subcategories and/or subdivisions of them will be added as appropriate. 
 

Click here to Browse our Electronic Library to view our archives of abstracts and associated full text papers published in this journal.


Ancient Religions eJournal Advisory BoardClick on the individual's name below to view the editor or advisory board member's author home page.

Andrew L. Ford
Carin M. Green
Judith Evans Grubbs
Dirk Obbink
Josiah Ober
Andrew M. Riggsby
Ruth S. Scodel

Czasopismo od 1976 roku wychodziło pod nazwą Acta Uniwersitatis Lodziensis, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Łodzkiego, Nauki Humanistyczno - Społeczne, Folia Archaeologica. Od 1980 roku periodyk ukazuje się pod obecnym tytułem. Zamiesczane na łamach czasopisma prace poświęcone są przede wszystkim zagadnieniom archeologicznym, historycznym i antropologicznym.
Redakcja naukowo - dydaktyczna AUL Folia Archaeologica:
prof. Anna Marciniak - Kajzer (redaktor naczelny)
prof. Lucyna Domańska
prof. Maria Magdalena Mączyńska
dr Aldona Andrzejewska Nazwa wydawcy: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 01 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 02 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 03 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 04 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 05 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 06 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 07 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 08 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 09 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 10 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 11 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 12 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 13 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 15 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 16 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 17 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 18 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 19 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 20 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 21 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 22 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 23 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 24 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 25 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 26 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 27 [5]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 28 [0]
• Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica 29 [17]

La Bibliothèque nationale de France est un éditeur public dont le catalogue compte plus de mille titres. Dans le cadre de sa politique de valorisation des collections, la BnF édite des catalogues raisonnés et des ouvrages scientifiques destinés aux chercheurs et aux professionnels des bibliothèques. Ces publications de référence sont le reflet de l’excellence scientifique de l’établissement.
 

• Les intailles magiques du département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques

  Attilio Mastrocinque

  2014

  
  

• Trésors monétaires XXV

  2011-2012 | Saint-Jean-d’Ardières (Rhône), Magny-Cours (Nièvre), Gisors (Eure) et ‎autres trésors

  Michel Amandry (dir.)
  
  
 

• Statuettes funéraires égyptiennes du département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques

  Jacques François Aubert et Liliane Aubert

  2005

  …

The National Portal and Digital Repository for Indian Museums are developed and hosted by Human-Centred Design & Computing Group, C-DAC, Pune as per the agreement with Ministry of Culture, Government of India. HCDC Group has also developed JATAN: Virtual Museum software which is used for creating the digital collections in various museums and digital archival tools that are used in background for managing the national digital repository of museums. 

Presently as a part of the digitization efforts of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India the digitized collections of 10 selected Museums, as given below, are placed in the digital repository for Indian Museums and also on the National Portal developed by C-DAC, Pune in consultation with the Ministry of Culture along with technical help from the Art Institute of Chicago in the first phase. Subsequently, it will be our endeavour to make available the digitized collections of the remaining museums under the Ministry of Culture/Archaeological Survey of India also on the National Portal.

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• Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad

• Archaeological Survey of India, NagarjunaKonda
• Archaeological Survey of India, Goa
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India is perhaps one of the largest repositories of tangible heritage in the world. A major part of this heritage is preserved in her monuments, sites and antiquities of varied nature. The range of such relics, from the past is indeed very vast and covers a long span of time i.e. prehistoric to colonial times. The monuments, sites and antiquities protected and maintained so far by Archaeological Survey of India and State Archaeology Departments are only a fraction of the total repository of the country. However, most of these have not been documented in a uniform format which can provide a common platform to the scholars, researchers and planners for reference, research and its management in a diligent manner. 

Today, the survival of our heritage has been endangered due to climatic, natural and manmade effects. In the recent years there is also an increasing trend of illicit trafficking of antiquities from India. This is mainly due to lack of public awareness, ignorance of law/act and also about the importance of documentation and preservation. There are few cities in the country where number of important monuments and heritage buildings has been listed from time to time by different institutions and organizations but there is no comprehensive database at one place. Therefore, a proper documentation is felt desideratum to build a credible National database in a uniform format. 

To address these issues, National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA) has been set up by Government of India with the objective to document unprotected monuments and sites from both secondary sources and antiquities from primary source in a prescribed format. There are various available sources for documenting this heritage which needs to be utilized and collated through a Mission approach to create a credible National data base. This will take shape of State wise as well as National register of unprotected monuments, sites and antiquities.

Likewise, the existing data on antiquities are also available in different format in the form of Registered Antiquities, Catalogued antiquities with central and different formats adopted by different organizations; it is difficult to bring this data base under one umbrella. In this process, National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities has prepared two uniform formats each for documentation of Monuments, Sites and Antiquities and is actively involved in creating the National data base.

NMMA welcomes suggestions and contributions for the preparation of National register on Monuments, sites and antiquities. 

Search Antiquities
Search Museum
Search Built Heritage Sites
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Inaccuracies, Inconsistencies and Impatience

One of the key problems in archaeology is trying to accurately locate things like trenches, walls, and artifacts in 3D space.  Traditionally, archaeologists describe their finds, manually take measurements, and use hand-drawn sketches and occasional photographs to record the contexts of artifacts, strata, and architectural features.  This methodology suffers from inaccuracy, inconsistent terminology, transcription errors, and just taking too long.  Some things are not recorded at all because their significance is not recognized until too late. 

Other issues for fieldteams include noting what was found, who found it, what are the find’s characteristics, figuring out how all this data should be organized, and how other researchers can assimilate all this information.  Understanding the meaning, context, and function of an object evolves over time as it is examined and categorized, which often involves multiple specialists each of whom may submit data in different formats.  The standard collocation methods don't effectively allow hypothesis testing on all the excavated data in real time; nor allow for planning field strategies while the dig is underway.   Normally, we have to wait until all evidence has been collected, analyzed, and synthesized--that often takes years and is unfair to our colleagues.

Has the transition to digital acquisition technologies improved the situation?  We now have the choice of laser scans, LIDAR, digital photography, databases, CAD, GIS, GPS, total stations, and even smartphones with high-res cameras and custom apps that can be tailored for use during excavations. 

Putting Technology to Work

Using total stations and related equipment to survey a site is time consuming and expensive, only those points that were considered important at the time are recorded, and the points are hard to collate with the rest of the datasets from the site.  GIS is superlative for 2D spatial data, but not so useful as a general purpose data exploration tool, and generally has poor integration with interactive 3D visualizations.   Harris Matrix tools focus on displaying stratigraphic sequences, with little integration with other datatypes.  Custom site-specific databases are uneven in the comprehensiveness of their features and cannot be easily generalized to other excavations.

What site directors really need is a single complete package that keeps things digital from acquisition to publication, integrates all data types, and can be used across different excavations with minimal modification.  The goal would be to ease recording and recall for researchers of all backgrounds.  

That’s exactly what our consortium set out to create.

 [ project | setting | solution | gallery | research ]

Often a PhD thesis for some reason cannot be published immediately. In the years that follow, the authors do not find the time to revise the manuscript as they wanted. This in turn causes problems because new literature appears or the evidence of new sources needs to be incorporated. As a result, the manuscript often remains unpublished and the valuable insights risk to be inaccessible and thus lost for scholarship.

To prevent this, Trismegistos Online Publications have decided to open up a new 'Special Series', where valuable PhD theses or other scholarly manuscripts can be published with an ISBN number.

Contributors can send in manuscripts in Word or PDF format to mark.depauw@arts.kuleuven.be. The editor will consult experts about the quality of the manuscript without taking into account whether it is abreast of recent scholarly literature or developments.

---

TOP SS 1 forthcoming (Click to download) K. Geens
Panopolis, a Nome Capital in Egypt in the Roman and Byzantine Period (ca. AD 200-600)
Leuven 2014 [= Diss. Leuven 2007], xiii & 578 pp. (28.4 Mb).
ISBN: 978-94-9060-409-7

Graeca Tergestina. Praelectiones Philologiae Tergestinae

• Antichi versi greci. Considerazioni sullo statuto documentario delle fonti metriche

  Liana Lomiento

• Aristofane tra antiche e moderne teorie del comico

  di Olimpia Imperio

• Il dolore di Fedra tra passato e presente

  di Paola Volpe

• Peani in dattili tra Ellade classica ed età imperiale

  Andrea Tessier

Graeca Tergestina. Storia e civiltà

• Archives and archival documents in ancient societies

  Legal documents in ancient societies IV, Trieste 30 September - 1 October 2011 / edited by Michele Faraguna

Graeca Tergestina. Studi e testi di filologia greca

• Dionigi d'Alicarnasso. La composizione stilistica

  Introduzione e traduzione di Francesco Donadi, commento al testo, glossario e indici di Antonia Marchiori

• Vom Melos zum Stichos Il verso melico greco nella filologia tedesca d'inizio Ottocento

  Andrea Tessier. Seconda edizione riveduta

• Gold Coin and Small Change: Monetary Circulation in Fifth-Seventh Century Byzantine Palestine

  by Gabriela I. Bijovsky

• Le “antiche Monete della Cirenaica”nella letteratura numismatica tra Ottocento e Novecento

  di Michele Asolati

• Monetazione del Patriarcato di Aquileia

  di Giulio Bernardi

• The 2nd Simone Assemani Symposium on Islamic Coins

  edited by Bruno Callegher and Arianna D'Ottone

• The 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium on Islamic Coins

  edited by Bruno Callegher and Arianna D'Ottone

• Arabic Gold Coins

  di Giulio Bernardi

• Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean Concordance (and vice versa)

• Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Israel Museum. The Paul Balog Collection. Egypt vol. III The Mamlūks 1248-1517

• Hoc quoque laboris praemium. Scritti in onore di Gino Bandelli

  a cura di Monica Chiabà

• Roma e le priscae Latinae coloniae: ricerche sulla colonizzazione del Lazio...

  di Monica Chiabà

• Tra duces e milites: forme di comunicazione politica al tramonto della Repubblica

  di Rita Mangiameli

• Polymnia. Studi di Archeologia n.01

  I culti isiaci nell'Italia settentrionale 1. Verona, Aquileia, Trieste

• Polymnia. Studi di Archeologia n.02

  Scritti di topografia e urbanistica: Tergeste e Friuli Venezia Giulia

• Polymnia. Studi di Archeologia n.03

  L’archeologia come mestiere. Dallo scavo al magazzino: i materiali

• Polymnia. Studi di Archeologia n.04

  Culti e romanizzazione. Resistenze, continuità, trasformazioni

• Polymnia. Studi di Archeologia n.05

  Sacrum facere : Atti del I Seminario di Archeologia del Sacro : Trieste, 17-18 febbraio 2012

• Polymnia. Studi di archeologia n.06

  Sacrum facere. Atti del II Seminario di Archeologia del Sacro. Contaminazioni: forme di contatto, traduzione e mediazione nei sacra del mondo greco e romano. Trieste, 19-20 aprile 2013

• 01. Culture europee e tradizione latina. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Cividale del Friuli, 16-17 novembre 2001

  a cura di Laura Casarsa, Lucio Cristante, Marco Fernandelli.

• 03. Disciplinae cyclicae: l'organisation du savoir dans l'oeuvre de Martianus Capella

  di Muriel Bovey

• 08. Supplementum etymologicum Latinum I

  di Claudio Marangoni

• 11. Miti e note. Musica con antichi racconti

  di Franco Serpa

• 12. Nugis ignosce lectitans: studi su Marziano Capella

  di Romeo Schievenin

• 13. Il calamo della memoria. Riuso di testi e mestiere letterario nella tarda antichità. IV

  a cura di Lucio Cristante e Simona Ravalico

• 14. Dignum laude virum. Studi di cultura classica e musica offerti a Franco Serpa

  a cura di Francesca Bottari, Laura Casarsa, Lucio Cristante, Marco Fernandelli

• 15. Via Latina: studi su Virgilio e sulla sua fortuna

  di Marco Fernandelli

• 16. Il calamo della memoria. Riuso di testi e mestiere letterario nella tarda antichità. V

  a cura di Lucio Cristante e Tommaso Mazzoli

A Revista Alétheia incentiva a divulgação de trabalhos acadêmicos que abordem a Antiguidade e o Medievo, em âmbito nacional e internacional. Este periódico recebe publicações de pesquisadores de todas as áreas das Ciências Humanas, em nível de graduação e pós-graduação. Os trabalhos serão avaliados por pareceristas ad hoc, sendo veiculados de acordo com as exigências estabelecidas nas normas de publicação.

v. 9, n. 1 (2014)

Artigos

Métrica, Rítmica e Tradução das Anacreônticas	PDF
C. Leonardo B. Antunes	1-11

SOCIEDADE E MITO NA TRAGÉDIA GREGA	PDF
Andreza Caetano	12-22

CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A CONSTRUÇÃO DA SANTIDADE FRANCISCANA NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XIII	PDF
Victor Mariano Camacho	23-39

O HOMEM MEDIEVAL: UM PEREGRINO POR EXCELÊNCIA	PDF
César Augusto da Silva Foga	40-48

CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O ESPAÇO SAGRADO E MÍTICO, PAISAGEM E TERRITÓRIO NO EGITO FARAÔNICO	PDF
Elian Jerônimo de Castro Junior	49-60

OS PROCESSOS DE IMPIEDADE CONTRA OS FILÓSOFOS NA ATENAS CLÁSSICA	PDF
Priscilla Gontijo Leite	61-81

PARA UM ESPAÇO ALÉM DO SENSÍVEL: ACEPÇÕES FILOSÓFICAS DO HOMEM NO COSMOS EGÍPCIO	PDF
Keidy Matias	82-97

CÍNTIA: A FIDES NO AMOR	PDF
Roberto Arruda de Oliveira	98-109

ESPAÇO SAGRADO E ESPAÇO DOMÉSTICO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS TEMPLOS E AS CASAS NO ANTIGO EGITO	PDF
Matheus Breno Pinto da Câmara	110-120

DIÓGENES LAÉRCIO E O ALVORECER DA FILOSOFIA	PDF
Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista, Romulo Siqueira Batista	121-128

Ideias que atravessam os tempos: a recepção e a transmissão dos versos ovidianos	PDF
Ana Lúcia Santos Coelho	129-141

IDENTIDADE E ALTERIDADE EM HERÓDOTO: VISÃO DE UM GREGO A RESPEITO DOS EGÍPCIOS	PDF
Liliane Pessoa, Arthur Fabrício	142-159

Resenhas

RESENHA: FUNARI, P. P. A., CARVALHO, M. M., CARLAN, C., SILVA, E. C. M. (ORGS.) “HISTÓRIA MILITAR DO MUNDO ANTIGO: GUERRAS E REPRESENTAÇÕES”. SÃO PAULO: ANNABLUME, 2012.	PDF
Thiago do Amaral Biazotto	160-163

LEVINSON, Bernard M. Revisão legal e renovação religiosa no antigo Israel. Tradução de Elizangela A. Soares. São Paulo: Paulus, 2011, 192 p.	PDF
João Batista Ribeiro Santos	164-169

 

Vol 8, No 1 (2013)

Table of Contents

Artigos

A GUERRA ENTRE AESIRES E VANIRES: A ALIANÇA ENTRE GUERRA, MAGIA E FERTILIDADE OU AS MEMÓRIAS DE UM CONFLITO?	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Munir Lutfe Ayoub	1-11

DELINEAMENTOS PARA UMA COMPREENSÃO DA CIDADE MEDIEVAL	PDF (Português (Brasil))
José D'Assunção Barros	12-32

ALGUNAS CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA DISCREPANCIA EN LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA FIGURA DE NUMA EN LAS METAMORFOSIS DE OVIDIO Y EN LA HISTORIA DE ROMA DE TITO LIVIO	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Guillermina Bogdan	33-43

MENDICANTES E USURÁRIOS: A POSTURA DA IGREJA DIANTE DAS TRANSFORMAÇÕES NA IDADE MÉDIA CENTRAL	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Alex Aparecido Costa	44-54

SEXUALIDADE E SENTIMENTO RELIGIOSO NO PALEOLÍTICO: NARRATIVAS ELEMENTARES DE HIEROGAMIAS ENTRE AS VÊNUS E OS ANIMAIS	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Flávia Regina Marquetti, Pedro Paulo Funari	55-69

INVENTANDO O INIMIGO: O DISCURSO SOBRE OS CÁTAROS NA “HISTORIA ALBIGENSIS” DE PEDRO DE VAUX-DE-CERNAY COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE UMA CONDIÇÃO CLERICAL (1198-1218)	PDF (Português (Brasil))
André Marinho de Oliveira	70-91

O CONFLITO ENTRE OS ESPAÇOS EXTERNO E INTERNO NA TRAGÉDIA OS SETE CONTRA TEBAS DE ÉSQUILO	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Evandro Salvador	92-100

“LE ROI EST MORT”: O DEBATE HISTORIOGRÁFICO SOBRE AS CAUSAS DA MORTE DE ALEXANDRE MAGNO NA BABILÔNIA, EM 323 A.C.	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Henrique Modanez de Sant´Anna, Beatriz Aires Fernandes Cunha	101-113

UM OLHAR HISTÓRICO SOBRE A IDADE MÉDIA EM RICARDO II DE WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Elaine Cristina Senko	114-122

O TEATRO EURIPIDIANO COMO MÍMESE CATÁRTICA	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Tatielly Fernandes Silva	123-137

Αληθης Λογος: VIDA E OBRA DO FILÓSOFO PAGÃO CELSO	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Carolline da Silva Soares	138-155

AMIZADE E PATRONATO: UMA ANÁLISE DA RELAÇÃO DE VELÉIO PATÉRCULO E MARCO VINÍCIO (sec. I d. C.)	PDF (Português (Brasil))
Alice Maria de Souza	156-173

Ceci est la version en cours d’élaboration d'Artefacts©, Encyclopédie en ligne des petits objets archéologiques. 

La base de données librement accessible sur l'internet reflète une partie d’une base de travail enrichie en permanence par un réseau de chercheurs. Elle permet d’effectuer des recherches simples, ou plus complexes.

Qu 'est-ce qu'un "petit objet" ? Les spécialistes en discutent encore... Après la numismatique, dont le champ d'application (la monnaie) est assez bien défini, la céramologie a été la première à s'ériger en spécialité archéologique. Mais s'intéresse-t-elle au matériau (la terre cuite) ou à ce qu'on en fait ? De fait, beaucoup d'objets sont produits en argile, et le critère du matériau n'est pas le meilleur pour trier ce qui relèverait de la céramologie ou d'une nouvelle spécialité, celle concernant les objets. Au cours des dernières années s'est imposé le critère fonctionnel, qui permet de confier aux "céramologues" tout ce qui est vaisselle, de cuisine (préparation, service) ou de stockage (amphores...). Les "objets", qui ne sont pas toujours petits, c'est donc le reste.

Catégorie vaste, donc, et variée, puisqu'elle touche à presque tous les domaines de l'activité humaine. Pour mettre un peu d'ordre dans ce très vaste ensemble, Artefacts utilise un système hiérarchique à trois niveaux, sur lequel vient se greffer la chronologie. Chaque objet est attribué à une fonction, et chaque fonction entre dans un domaine. Ainsi un "dé à jouer" (code DEJ) appartient à la fonction "jeu-comptage", qui est elle-même insérée par le domaine socio-culturel. Il s'agit ici d'identifier la fonction première des objets, celle pour laquelle ils ont été conçus, et non leur réutilisation éventuelle dans un contexte secondaire (par exemple religieux, ou funéraire).

L'optique principale d'Artefacts est d'ordre typologique, mais certains types existent [presque] sous la même forme à des époques différentes. Un dé cubique en os, par exemple, pourra donc se trouver en DEJ-3, DEJ-4 ou DEJ-9 selon qu'il est étrusque, romain ou médiéval. Il est donc intéressant, quand on a trouvé le code de l'objet recherché (DEJ-, dans l'exemple ci-dessus), d'aller voir les attestations dans d'autres périodes, pour mesurer l'évolution de cette forme à travers le temps.

This is the "in progress" version of Artefacts©, Online Encyclopedia of Archaeological Small Finds.
This database, in free access on the internet, reflects part of a working base to which many researchers have contributed. It allows simple, or more advanced searches.

What is an artefact ? Specialists still discuss the matter. After numismatics, of which the field (coinage) is well defined, ceramology was the first to reach the status of a speciality. But does ceramology deal with a material (terracotta) of with what is done with it ? Several artefacts are actually made of terracotta, and using the material is probably not the best way to sort data between what regards 'ceramology' and what could be given to a new speciality, 'artefacts stydy'. During the last years, 'functional sorting' imposed itself as the most useful criterium : creamology can study all the vessels, either for preparing, serving or storing goods, while 'artefacts study' deals with the rest.

A vast category, therefore, and various, touching nearly any domain of human activity. To attempt ordering this huge chaos, Artefacts makes use of a 3-level hierarchy, on which chronology is added. Every objectr is attributed to a function, and any functrion enters a domain. For ex., a dice (code DEJ) belongs to the 'game & counting' function, which is part of the 'socio-cultural' domain. The aim of this system is to identify the primary function of artefacts, for which they were produced, not their eventual re-use in a secondary context (such as religious, or funerary).

The main ambition of Artefacts is typological, but some types exist under (nearly) the same form under variuous epochs. A cubic solid bone dice, for example, will be found under DEJ-3, DEJ-4 or DEJ-9 according to its date, Etruscan, Roman or Medieval.When the code of a certain object type is available (DEJ-, in the above example), it is therefore interesting to serach it under othet periods, to evaluate the evolution of this form through the course of time.

WelcomeInstructions for useCodesBibliographyMuséesMappingCopyrightFAQNewsLinksForumOpen accountLog in

Advanced search

INSTRUMENTUM est un groupe de travail international composé de chercheurs travaillant sur l'artisanat antique et ses produits dans l'Europe et le Bassin méditerranéen. Le champ chronologique couvert par l'association concerne les Ages du Fer européens ainsi que les cultures Grecque et Romaine, avec de possibles incursions dans l'Age du Bronze et le Moyen Age.

INSTRUMENTUM s'est donné pour but de fédérer les recherches sur l'artisanat antique et ses productions en faisant connaître les travaux publiés, afin de mieux comprendre les conditions dans lesquelles l'artisanat, les productions et les techniques ont évolué antérieurement au Moyen Age. INSTRUMENTUM publie tous les 6 mois (en juin et en décembre) un Bulletin regroupant diverses informations, encourageant la recherche et facilitant la communication internationale entre les chercheurs de tous horizons. Une mise à jour bibliographique, des articles plus ou moins brefs selon les besoins, ainsi que des demandes de renseignements peuvent faire partie du contenu de chaque livraison en fonction des besoins des membres.

Par ailleurs, depuis juin 1997, INSTRUMENTUM a également publié 36 monographies sur divers aspects de l'artisanat antique (thèses, colloques, recueil divers...) (Editions Monique Mergoil). Cette collection très active comprend en permanence plusieurs volumes en préparation.

INSTRUMENTUM a également organisé, financé ou co-organisé des dizianes de manifestations scientifiques, dans plusieurs pays européens, sur des thèmes proposés par ses membres
.
INSTRUMENTUM is a working-group that comprises scholars interested in the crafts and industries of ancient Europe and the Mediterranean. The chronological scope of the organization covers the European Iron Age and the eras of Greek and Roman civilization, with some overlap into the late Bronze Age and the early Middle Ages.

The aim of INSTRUMENTUM is to bring together research on crafts and industries by drawing attention to published work, thus elucidating the conditions in which crafts, industries, and manufacturing techniques evolved before the Middle Ages. Twice a year INSTRUMENTUM issuesthe Bulletin, which disseminates information, encourages research, and facilitates international communication. An up-to-date bibliography, brief notices on current research, and requests for information also are included in an attempt to promote and facilitate research on objects, their use, and manufacture. Since June 1997 INSTRUMENTUM has published 35 monographs on ancient crafts and industries (Editions Monique Mergoil), with several more in preparation.

INSTRUMENTUM also has organized and supported dozens of scientific meetings in various countries on topics proposed by members. 

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Instrumentum Bibliographies

Click on a topic for a specific bibliography
1	Crafts in general		17	Furniture
2	Mines and quarries		18	Metal vessels
3	Workshops		19	Glass vessels
4	Tools and equipment		20	Lamps and lighting
5	Iron and Steel manufacture		21	Jewelry
6	Bronzeworking		22	Personal ornaments
7	Leather Work		23	Toilet objects
8	Textiles and Basketry		24	Medical instruments
9	Silver		25	Weaponry
10	Writing instruments		26	Military equipment
11	Stamps		27	Harness and cart fittings
12	Graffiti		28	Musical instruments
13	Stone Sculpture		29	Objects of bone, wood, ivory, horn.
14	Wood carving		30	Building materials and accessories
15	Bronze statuettes		31	Trade and transport
16	Terracotta figurines		32	Weights and measures
			33	Miscellaneous

Scriptura is an independent journal which publishes contributions in the fields of Bible, Religion and Theology refereed by peers. It is international in scope but special attention is given to topics and issues emerging from or relevant to Southern Africa. Scriptura publishes contributions in English but also in other languages relevant to the Southern African region (such as Afrikaans, Xhosa, Sesotho, Zulu, French and German).

2014

Vol 113 (2014)

2013

Vol 112 (2013)

2012

Vol 111 (2012)

Vol 110 (2012)

Vol 109 (2012)

2011

Vol 108 (2011)

Vol 107 (2011)

Vol 106 (2011)

2010

Vol 105 (2010)

Vol 104 (2010)

Vol 103 (2010)

2009

Vol 102 (2009)

Vol 101 (2009)

Vol 100 (2009)

2008

Vol 99 (2008)

Vol 98 (2008)

Vol 97 (2008)

2001

Vol 78 (2001)

1997

Founded in 2001, the Enoch Seminar is an academic group of international specialists in Second Temple Judaism and Christian Origins, who share the results of their research in the field and meet to discuss topics of common interest...

The Enoch Seminar Online is a new kind of website. It is both an archive of all papers presented at the meetings of the Enoch Seminar, and an online journal of news, reviews and other original contributions. The basic information is available to all readers, while more specialized material is accessible only to subscribers (Friends, Members, and Veterans of the Enoch Seminar).

The Enoch Seminar focuses on the period of Jewish history, culture and literature from the Babylonian Exile to the Bar-Kochba revolt—the period in which both Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism have their roots. The goal is to tear down the misleading walls of separation that still divide this field of research, recovering the unity and integrity of the period. Enoch is the symbol of this inter-canonical and inter-disciplinary effort, as he is present in each and all of the canons that anachronistically divide sources from the period: Old Testament, Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish-Hellenistic literature, New Testament, Apostolic Fathers, etc.

• Enoch Seminars
  • Milan 2015
  • Camaldoli 2013
  • Milan 2011
  • Naples 2009
  • Camaldoli 2007
  • Camaldoli 2005
  • Venice 2003
  • Florence 2001

• Reviews
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  • Upcoming
  • Archive

Correcteur Orthographique de Latin
Correttore Ortografico di Latino 
Corrector Ortográfico de Latín

COL (Correcteur Orthographique de Latin) is a free tool providing assistance to check the spelling of a Latin text. Available for Microsoft Word, LibreOffice, OpenOffice.org and AbiWord, it includes a dictionary of about 400,000 Latin forms (classical and medieval Latin).

To best match the different practices, COL is configurable: the user can select a particular spelling (how to represent diphthongs, vowels u and i...). It works exactly like spellcheckers of other languages: when a word is not in the dictionary, it is underlined in red.

This spellchecker is obviously not intended to be exhaustive, nor it wants to "normalize" the spelling of Latin. It was created primarily as an aid to save time and facilitate the work of all those who need to understand Latin texts (for the transcription of manuscripts, for example), but also to fix correct Latin texts scanned and processed by OCR, usually with many faults.

In order to get in touch with our software, a good 'How To' written in Latin language can be read here. Note that the Latinists from the Vatican City are using our software since its early releases.
Want to share feedback, problems ? Join us on Facebook! Or may you have any question, please contact us at: drouizig@drouizig.org (important, please put [COL] in your message subject).

"Hieratistik" bezeichnet die Wissenschaft von der so genannten hieratischen Schrift der Alten Ägypter.
Erforscht werden die Funktionen und Besonderheiten dieser eigentlichen und alltäglichen Schrift der Alten Ägypter.
Wichtiges Hilfsmittel sind Paläographien, die auf möglichst umfassenden Zusammenstellungen einzelner Schriftzeichen basieren, aus deren Vergleich und Analyse Schreiberindividuen, Schulen, Entwicklungslinien und ggf. auch Datierungen von Schriftquellen abgeleitet werden können. 

• Willkommen
• Gegenstand
• Entwicklung des Hieratischen
• Hieratisch-Bibliographie
• Datenbanken | Links
• Aktivitäten
• Kontakt
• Galerie

Those interested in recently uncovered archives of Ur III settlements may want to have a scroll through the provisional Irisagrig text transliterations and images recently released in CDLI. All entries suspected of deriving from this city are at <http://tinyurl.com/k3gxgcn>, of course the main component being those texts published by David Owen in Nisaba 15, but including as well the archives known among specialists as SI.A-a (Calvot, MVN 8, nos. 151ff; Sigirst, Owen & Young, MVN 13, nos.  41ff., 884ff.; Garfinkle, ZA 93, 170ff.; etc.) and Turam-ili (van de Mieroop, JCS 38, 25ff.; Garfinkle, JCS 54, 32ff.; etc.) that share many of the same month names (<http://cdli.ucla.edu/tools/ur3months/irisagrig.html>). The total of these entries is currently 1514 (of which SI.A-a, Turam-ili and many others are of uncertain provenience, 500 in all), but including 230 composite seals (<http://tinyurl.com/kcqd649>), thus fewer than 1300 tablets. 230 potential individual seal holders is certainly no small number for the administration of an until recently relatively unknown settlement, and should serve as a warning that many more Irisagrig tablets are yet to be encountered.

CDLI’s Irisagrig files have profited, first and foremost, from the untiring work of David Owen in the course of a phenomenal harvest of texts from online auction sites, and from his expansive network of associations with colleagues and collections managers—David forwarded to me his Nisaba 15 transliterations before and after their paper publication, and he and I have for years been exchanging URLs of online artifact documentation that emerges for a short while in the Web, and then sinks again into darkness—; from the generous collaboration of Tohru Ozaki, who contributed his collations and corrections of many of the Nisaba 15 entries, some going back to work done together with Marcel Sigrist (thus, many Nisaba 15 version histories in CDLI pages are capped by those designated as "credit ozaki"); and of Bertrand Lafont, whose work with David on the Lebanese Adra collection has materially improved the images of the Irisagrig corpus in CDLI.

We welcome further corrections and additions to this new data set.

Bob Englund
UCLA/CDLI

Software:

• PhilologEg (formerly AELalign)

Data:

• some encodings of texts
• hieroglyphic font
• annotated sign list

Encoding:

• survey of sign lists
• survey of lists of mnemonics
• survey of encodings of transliteration
• the Revised Encoding Scheme for hieroglyphic

Grammar books

Software:

• ex2htmltranslates the key to the exercises from a grammar book into HTML and Latex formats (undocumented)
• ex2xmlcomputes an inverted index of examples from a grammar book that belong to a certain text, and turns it into an XML format as specified by AELalign (undocumented)

Data:

• grammar books
• selection of exercisesand examplesfrom Allen's grammar
• selection of examplesfrom Callender's grammar
• selection of examplesfrom Gardiner's grammar
• selection of examplesfrom Graefe's grammar
• selection of examplesfrom Loprieno's grammar
• selection of examplesfrom Ockinga's grammar
• selection of exercisesand examplesfrom Zonhoven's grammar

St Andrews Corpus

texts

• Ahmose son of Abana, Autobiography of [hiero; eng; translit; image]
• Ahmose, prince, son of Seqenenre, Inscription on a statue of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Amenhotep IV, early inscription [hiero; translit]
• Armant stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
• Bentresh stela [eng; translit]
• Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
• Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I [hiero; eng; translit]
• Destruction of mankind [eng; translit]
• Dispute of a man with his ba [eng; translit]
• Djehuti-hotep, Colossus of [eng; translit]
• Eloquent peasant [hiero; eng; translit]
• Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
• Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Hammamat expedition: commander's record [eng; translit]
• Hammamat expedition: first wonder [eng; translit]
• Hammamat expedition: official record [eng; translit]
• Hammamat expedition: second wonder [eng; translit]
• Hapidjef, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Horemmekhib, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Hymn to the sun [eng; translit]
• Ikhernofret, Stela of [eng; translit]
• Iki, Funerary stela of [eng; translit]
• Imenyankhren, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Intef son of Senet, Stela of [eng; translit]
• Kamose, Text on a spearhead of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Karnak stela of Ahmose [hiero; eng; translit]
• Kay, Laudatory autobiography of [eng; translit]
• Khnumhotpe, prince of Beni Hasan, Biography of [eng; translit]
• Lake scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Lion-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Magical spell for the protection of a baby [eng; translit]
• Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Merneptah stela [hiero]
• Mitannian wedding; Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Nebankh from Abydos, Stela of [eng; translit]
• Nebipw-Sesostris, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Neferenii, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Nubian Rebellion, recorded by inscription of Tuthmosis II [eng; translit]
• Papyrus Ebers [hiero; eng; translit]
• Papyrus Westcar [hiero; eng; translit]
• Poetical stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
• Ptahhotep, Instruction of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Ptahwer, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut [eng; translit]
• Restoration stela of Tutankhamun [eng; translit]
• Sebek-hotep, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
• Sehetepibre, Stela of [eng; translit]
• Semneh stela (second); Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
• Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]
• Sesostris the hall-keeper, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Shipwrecked Sailor [hiero; eng/nld; translit; ortho]
• Sinuhe [eng; translit]
• Sobekdjedju, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Tetisheri, Stela of Ahmose honouring [hiero; eng; translit]
• Ti, prince, son of Seqenenre, Text on throw sticks of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Tiye, Wedding with; Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Tura, first inscription in quarries at [hiero; eng; translit]
• Tura, second inscription in quarries at [hiero; eng; translit]
• Wild bull-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]

books

• Urkunden der 18. Dynastie
  • 1; Ahmose son of Abana, Autobiography of [hiero; eng; translit; image]
  • 2; Ahmose, prince, son of Seqenenre, Inscription on a statue of [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 3; Ti, prince, son of Seqenenre, Text on throw sticks of [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 4; Kamose, Text on a spearhead of [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 5; Karnak stela of Ahmose [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 6A; Tura, first inscription in quarries at [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 6B; Tura, second inscription in quarries at [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 7; Tetisheri, Stela of Ahmose honouring [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 30; Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 55; Nubian Rebellion, recorded by inscription of Tuthmosis II [eng; translit]
  • 106; Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut [eng; translit]
  • 199; Poetical stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • 222; Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • 365; Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • 366; Armant stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • 579A; Lake scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • 579B; Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • 579C; Wild bull-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • 579D; Lion-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • 579E; Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • 732; Hymn to the sun [eng; translit]
  • 772; Restoration stela of Tutankhamun [eng; translit]
• Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt
  • Volume I
    • 435-438; Hammamat expedition: first wonder [eng; translit]
    • 439-443; Hammamat expedition: official record [eng; translit]
    • 444-448; Hammamat expedition: commander's record [eng; translit]
    • 449-451; Hammamat expedition: second wonder [eng; translit]
    • 452-453; Hammamat expedition: official record [eng; translit]
    • 486-497; Sinuhe [eng; translit]
    • 619-639; Khnumhotpe, prince of Beni Hasan, Biography of [eng; translit]
    • 651-652; Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]
    • 653-660; Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
    • 661-670; Ikhernofret, Stela of [eng; translit]
    • 688-706; Djehuti-hotep, Colossus of [eng; translit]
    • 743-748; Sehetepibre, Stela of [eng; translit]
  • Volume II
    • 1-16; Ahmose son of Abana, Autobiography of [hiero; eng; translit; image]
    • 26-28; Tura, second inscription in quarries at [hiero; eng; translit]
    • 29-32; Karnak stela of Ahmose [hiero; eng; translit]
    • 33-37; Tetisheri, Stela of Ahmose honouring [hiero; eng; translit]
    • 38-39; Ahmose son of Abana, Autobiography of [hiero; eng; translit; image]
    • 78-82; Ahmose son of Abana, Autobiography of [hiero; eng; translit; image]
    • 119-122; Nubian Rebellion, recorded by inscription of Tuthmosis II [eng; translit]
    • 246-295; Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut [eng; translit]
    • 649-650; Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
    • 655-662; Poetical stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
    • 861-862; Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
    • 863-864; Wild bull-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
    • 865; Lion-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
    • 866-867; Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
    • 868-869; Lake scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • Volume III
    • 429-447; Bentresh stela [eng; translit]
• De Buck, Readingbook
  • p. 46; Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • p. 46; Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I [hiero; eng; translit]
  • pp. 47-48; Nubian Rebellion, recorded by inscription of Tuthmosis II [eng; translit]
  • pp. 48-53; Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut [eng; translit]
  • pp. 53-56; Poetical stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • pp. 56-63; Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • pp. 64-65; Armant stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • pp. 65-6; Wild bull-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • p. 66; Lion-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • p. 66; Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • p. 67; Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • p. 67; Lake scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • pp. 67-72; Khnumhotpe, prince of Beni Hasan, Biography of [eng; translit]
  • pp. 73-74; Kay, Laudatory autobiography of [eng; translit]
  • pp. 74-75; Hammamat expedition: official record [eng; translit]
  • pp. 75-76; Hammamat expedition: commander's record [eng; translit]
  • pp. 76-77; Hammamat expedition: first wonder [eng; translit]
  • pp. 77-78; Hammamat expedition: second wonder [eng; translit]
  • p. 78; Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]
  • pp. 79-88; Papyrus Westcar [hiero; eng; translit]
  • pp. 88-99; Eloquent peasant [hiero; eng; translit]
  • pp. 100-106; Shipwrecked Sailor [hiero; eng/nld; translit; ortho]
  • pp. 106-109; Bentresh stela [eng; translit]
  • pp. 113-115; Hymn to the sun [eng; translit]
  • p. 115; Magical spell for the protection of a baby [eng; translit]
  • pp. 123-126; Destruction of mankind [eng; translit]
• Hatnub, Felseninschriften von
  • Gr. 24; Kay, Laudatory autobiography of [eng; translit]
• Sethe, Ägyptische Lesestücke
  • 1; Sinuhe [eng; translit]
  • 2; Eloquent peasant [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 3; Papyrus Westcar [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 6; Dispute of a man with his ba [eng; translit]
  • 13; Sehetepibre, Stela of [eng; translit]
  • 14; Ikhernofret, Stela of [eng; translit]
  • 18; Djehuti-hotep, Colossus of [eng; translit]
  • 20; Intef son of Senet, Stela of [eng; translit]
  • 23a; Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 23b; Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]
  • 27a; Iki, Funerary stela of [eng; translit]
  • 27b; Nebankh from Abydos, Stela of [eng; translit]
  • 28a; Sesostris the hall-keeper, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28b; Imenyankhren, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28c; Ptahwer, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28d; Sobekdjedju, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28e; Hapidjef, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28f; Neferenii, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28g; Sebek-hotep, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28h; Horemmekhib, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
  • 28i; Nebipw-Sesostris, Address to the visitor of the tomb of [eng; translit]
• Zonhoven, Literary texts in the hieratic script
  • pp. 1-6; Shipwrecked Sailor [hiero; eng/nld; translit; ortho]
  • pp. 6-19; Sinuhe [eng; translit]
  • pp. 19-36; Eloquent peasant [hiero; eng; translit]
  • pp. 51-55; Dispute of a man with his ba [eng; translit]
  • pp. 60-74; Papyrus Westcar [hiero; eng; translit]

kings

• Ahmose
  • Karnak stela of Ahmose [hiero; eng; translit]
  • Tetisheri, Stela of Ahmose honouring [hiero; eng; translit]
• Amenhotep IV; Amenhotep IV, early inscription [hiero; translit]
• Amenophis III
  • Gilukhipa scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • Lake scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • Lion-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • Marriage scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
  • Wild bull-hunt scarab of Amenophis III [eng; translit]
• Hatshepsut; Punt expedition of Queen Hatshepsut [eng; translit]
• Kamose; Kamose, Text on a spearhead of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Seqenenre
  • Ahmose, prince, son of Seqenenre, Inscription on a statue of [hiero; eng; translit]
  • Ti, prince, son of Seqenenre, Text on throw sticks of [hiero; eng; translit]
• Sesostris III
  • Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
  • Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]
• Tutankhamun; Restoration stela of Tutankhamun [eng; translit]
• Tuthmosis I; Coronation decree of Tuthmosis I [hiero; eng; translit]
• Tuthmosis II; Nubian Rebellion, recorded by inscription of Tuthmosis II [eng; translit]
• Tuthmosis III
  • Armant stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • Canal inscription of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • Gebel Barkal stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]
  • Poetical stela of Tuthmosis III [eng; translit]

museums

• Berlin

  • 1157; Second Semneh stela under Sesostris III [hiero; eng; translit]
  • 14753; Semneh stela marking southern boundary under Sesostris III [eng; translit]

HELL-ON-LINE is developing as a comprehensive on-line collection of over 100 visions, tours and descriptions of the infernal otherworld from the cultures of the world: principally from the Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, Zoroastrian, Islamic and Jewish traditions from 2000 BCE to the present. These texts reveal the development of hell and its relationship to ideas of judgment, reincarnation, salvation, the apocalypse, and cyclic time. Visionaries and voyagers describe the geography of the underworld. Much like any other travelers, they lay out locations and distances, compass points, and physical characteristics, especially the surface features: oceans, mountains, rivers, roads, bridges and ditches. They also describe the inhabitants — both human souls and evil spirits — and the relationships between them, as they fulfill their particular doom, engendered by sins committed in this life, according to the laws and norms of the next life.