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Water Supply and Management in the Near East 63BC-AD636

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Water Supply and Management in the Near East 63BC-AD636: PhD Thesis, University of Oxford (2006)
Zena Kamash, 2009 
http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/kamash_2006/images/Fig03.4.jpg
The aim of this thesis is to assess the ancient systems of water supply and management in the Near East from 63 BC to AD 636, from both a technological and sociological perspective. Some of the main themes to be discussed are of direct relevance to water supply studies such as the debate over productive rural aqueducts versus consumptive urban aqueducts and the constant-offtake principle.
This analysis considers differences and similarities between the pre-Roman period and the period between 63 BC - AD 636 as well as between the Roman and late Roman periods. There were limited technological improvements in water management techniques, mostly related to dams, water-lifting techniques and the introduction of the arch to aqueducts. It would seem that Herod was a key agent of transmission of arcade technology, which suggests that his Romanophile tendencies extended into the realm of water supply. The main trend in the late Roman period was an intensification of previous Roman and pre-Roman practices, in which process the Church and the late Roman army were influential agents.

This work also investigates whether all areas of the East used the same methods of water management and if not, what caused these differences: landscape, climate and geology or culture? On a wider scale, how water management in the East fitted into the Empire as a whole is looked at with a similar set of questions. In some cases, such as the selection of irrigation channels from rivers or qanats from aquifers for irrigation, landscape was the over-riding deciding factor. In other cases, particularly in the use of latrines, religious and cultural identities seemed to have been the governing factor. This suggests that identity, individual or group, and perceived changes to that identity, may have a significant impact on choices of water supply and management.

Chapters 1 and 2 provide geographical background and an overview of the pre-Roman water technologies of the Near East. Chapters 3-10, which are accompanied by gazetteers in volume III, investigate types of water management techniques or installations (water-lifting, dams, irrigation and aqueducts) or zones of water supply and management (in towns and cities, in bathhouses and latrines, in the domestic sphere and in industrial processes). Chapter 11 presents the conclusions of the thesis, synthesising the key themes identified above (and expanded in the Introduction).
Volume I contains the text, volume II the illustrations and volume III the gazetteers.



Open Access Journal: Syntaktika: Bulletin d'information sur la recherche en syntaxe et en sémantique du grec ancien

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Syntaktika: Bulletin d'information sur la recherche en syntaxe et en sémantique du grec ancien
ISSN : 1148-2656
http://www.openedition.org/docannexe/image/10411/Syntaktika_160x75.png
Syntaktika est un bulletin semestriel qui informe les spécialistes en matière de syntaxe et de sémantique du grec ancien. Le bulletin publie dans chacune de ses livraisons un article sur ces sujets  ainsi que des informations sur les manifestations du domaine et des bibliographies des livres de l'année. 
Semestral publication of  the center Histoire et Sources des Mondes Antiques (UMR 5189 - HiSoMa - EA Jean Palerne), which takes care to inform the specialists in syntax and in semantics of ancient Greek. The bulletin publishes articles on subjects of semantics and syntax of ancient Greek, in particular in contact with the group ASPECT, as well as information on demonstrations in this domain and bibliographies of the books of the year.

Numéros en texte intégral




Newly Open Access Journal: Nuovo bullettino di archeologia cristiana

Digitale Topographie der Stadt Rom Project

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Digitale Topographie der Stadt Rom
Chrystina Häuber
http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/ArchStadtRomHaeuberMapC.jpg
Die Klassische Archäologin Dr. Chrystina Häuber (jetzt Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität [LMU] München, Department für Geographie) und der Geograph und Programmierer Dr. Franz Xaver Schütz (Hochschule München, Fakultät für Geoinformation und FORTVNA Research Center for Archaeological Information Systems Regensburg) haben die Forschungsprojekte "FORTVNA" (1994-2001) und "The Eastern Part of the Mons Oppius in Rome" (2001-2003) gemeinsam durchgeführt. Im Forschungsprojekt "FORTVNA" haben sie das gleichnamige objektorientierte Informationssystem zur Erforschung der Topographie des antiken Rom entwickelt, während das Forschungsprojekt "The Eastern Part of the Mons Oppius in Rome" nach dem Untersuchungsgebiet auf dem Esquilin in Rom benannt war, an dem sie das Informationssystem "FORTVNA" erprobt haben. Um die erzielten Resultate in Karten umzusetzen, begannen sie 2003 mit dem laufenden Forschungsprojekt "AIS ROMA"...

Projektgeschichte, Kooperationspartnerinnen und Kooperationspartner
Publikationsliste
Liste der Vorträge
Index of digital publications
HÄUBER, Chrystina, SCHÜTZ, Franz X., WINDER, Gordon M. (eds.)(2014): Reconstruction and the Historic City: Rome and Abroad - an interdisciplinary approach. München. (= BWM Bd. 6) HÄUBER, Chrystina 2013, Archäologische Stadtforschung. Teil I: Das Beispiel RomHÄUBER, Chrystina 2012, Rome: the city of memories. Or, why and how reconstruct and visualize ancient and post-antique Rome using digital technologies? The "AIS ROMA", diachronic and phase maps of (ancient) Rome in the WWWHÄUBER, Chrystina, SCHÜTZ, Franz-Xaver, WINDER, Gordon M. (eds.) 2012, The International Symposium Reconstruction and the Historic City: Rome and Abroad - an interdisciplinary approach. Abstracts * get PDF HÄUBER, Chrystina 2012, Reconstruction and Visualization of the Horti Sallustiani in Rome - a digital and diachronic topography (Rekonstruktion und Visualisierung der Horti Sallustiani in Rom - eine digitale und diachrone Topographie) Bibliographie / Bibliografie / Bibliography / Bibliografia HÄUBER, Chrystina 2011, The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome * get PDFHÄUBER, Chrystina 2011,The Horti of Maecenas: the ancient structures and buildings within their area (catalogue nos. 1-58) that are visible on the here published maps, some remarks on the maps, on the database and on the bibliography * get PDFHÄUBER, Chrystina 2011,The Horti of Maecenas: Explanations for the maps * get PDFHÄUBER, Chrystina 2011, "Die Horti des Maecenas auf dem Esquilin in Rom - eine diachrone Topographie" ("The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline in Rome - a diachronic topography") Bibliographie / Bibliografie / Bibliography / Bibliografia HÄUBER, Ruth Christine 1991, Horti Romani. Die Horti Maecenatis und die Horti Lamiani auf dem Esquilin. Geschichte, Topographie, Statuenfunde (Köln 1991.SCHÜTZ, Franz Xaver (2008): Zum Regensburger und Kölner Stadtgrundriss. Eine GIS-gestütze Untersuchung (zugl. Univ.-Diss., Philosophische Fakultät III, Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Geographie, Universität Regensburg mit dem Titel: Entwicklung und Erprobung neuer digitaler Methoden zur geographischen Stadtgrundrissanalyse mit Fallbeispielen aus Regensburg und Köln. Eine GIS-gestützte Untersuchung).

IFAO: Inventaires des archives photographiques et documentation photographique en cours de publication

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Inventaires des archives photographiques et documentation photographique en cours de publication (IFAO)
http://www.ifao.egnet.net/images/banners/Sigle_IFAO.png
Cet inventaire regroupe toute espèce de support photographique : plaques de verre, négatifs souples (noir/blanc et couleurs), diapositives (coul. et n/b), fichiers numériques, microfilms, microfiches.
Les numéros de photos se lisent de la manière suivante :
   - les 2 lettres identifient le type de support :
      di = diapositive (coul. ou n/b)
      nb = négatif noir et blanc
      nc = négatif couleurs
      nu = photo numérique
      pv = plaque de verre ;
   - les 4 chiffres du milieu désignent l’année de prise de vue (ou de numérisation lorsque l’année de prise de vue n’est pas connue) ;
   - les 5 derniers chiffres indiquent la place de la photo dans l’année.

Remarque

Les tirages photographiques (ou épreuves photographiques) sont rangés avec les archives « papier ». Ils font souvent partie d’un ensemble plus vaste comprenant des notes manuscrites ou des dessins, ensemble que nous avons choisi de ne pas ventiler. Lorsque ces tirages sont de petit format : voir Inventaire des Archives manuscrites ; lorsqu’ils sont de grand format : voir Inventaire de la Planothèque.

Seuls les tirages correspondant à des négatifs ou plaques de verre détenus par l’Ifao sont mentionnés dans l’inventaire des archives photographiques. Les tirages photographiques dont l’Ifao ne possède pas les négatifs sont décrits uniquement dans l’inventaire des archives manuscrites ou de la Planothèque (sous la forme : ts_[pour : tirage scanné]_année_n°d’ordre dans l’année).
[« ts » peut aussi désigner un tirage scanné dont le négatif, détenu par l’Ifao, est en moins bon état de conservation que l’épreuve papier. Ce type de tirage est mentionné à la fois dans l’inventaire des archives manuscrites et dans celui des archives photographiques, avec un renvoi d’un inventaire à l’autre]. 


Les photographies d’œuvres ou de monuments en cours d’étude ou de publication ne peuvent être consultées qu’avec l’accord du commanditaire des prises de vue (pour plus d’informations, s’adresser au Service des archives). 
 
Lorsque tous les inventaires des Archives seront terminés, une liste unique reprendra les noms d’auteurs et de sites présents à l’Ifao, avec leurs emplacements respectifs dans chaque fonds.

Mesopotamian Environmental Archaeology Database

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Mesopotamian Environmental Archaeology Database: phase I Iraq
Mike Charles,Keith Dobney
The aim of this project was to produce an electronic database of environmental archaeological (animal bone and plant remains) evidence for all archaeological sites in Iraq that have yielded such material.
The project was divided into two phases and funding for the first phase, which is reported on here, has been provided by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq:
  • Phase 1 is an electronic database, available via the Web, of environmental archaeological evidence recorded in a semi-quantitative format (presence) from sites in Iraq.
  • Phase 2 will add quantitative data for each site on a sample-by-sample basis and will assess the environmental archaeological record for Iraq in the light of recent developments in the fields of archaeobotany and archaeozoology.

The Urban Landscapes of Ancient Merv, Turkmenistan

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The Urban Landscapes of Ancient Merv, Turkmenistan
Tim Williams, Sjoerd van der Linde
Figure 41.jpg 






Ancient Merv, in Turkmenistan, is one of the most complex and well-preserved urban centres on the Silk Roads of Central Asia. A succession of major cities at Merv started in the 6th century BC and continued until the Mongol sack of 1221AD, although Mongol occupation, a resurgent Timurid city of the 15th century, and expansion in the 19th century continues the urban sequence. Together the walled urban areas covered more than 1000 ha.

The Institute of Archaeology, University College London, has had a long collaboration with the Turkmenistan Ministry of Culture, focused on archaeological research and approaches to the conservation and management of the Ancient Merv Archaeological Park, which since 1999 has been a World Heritage Site.

The collection of monument photographs (dating from 1890 onwards) was first compiled by Georgina Herrmann, former director of the International Merv Project, who published some of them in 'Monuments of Merv. Traditional Buildings of the Karakum'1. In 2002 an expanded version of the photographic collection was published in 'The Monuments of Merv - A scanned archive of photographs and plans'2, which included a CD-ROM with low resolution digital versions of the photographs. Since 2001 the Ancient Merv Project has added new images of the monuments, showing their current condition and conservation work, and more detailed metadata for the photographs has been assembled. More information on the Ancient Merv Project can be found at the UCL website.

This digital archive was undertaken in conjunction with an electronic publication through the Linking Electronic Archives and Publications (LEAP) project. The corresponding article is 'The urban landscapes of Ancient Merv, Turkmenistan: Where to draw the line?' by Tim Williams & Sjoerd van der Linde, which can be found in Internet Archaeology 25.


Open Osteological Data - Two Imperial Roman Cemetery Populations

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Roman Osteology Database - Two Cemeteries from Imperial Rome
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bfxsqoJLTRI/TzVAd4BnZuI/AAAAAAAABbs/vsyHTfsUgBY/s1600/PBO-version1.jpg 
This database represents collection of osteological and biochemical information from two Imperial-era skeletal collections (Casal Bertone and Castellaccio Europarco) from Rome. Data collection was accomplished between 2007-2009.
In the database, you will find basic demographic information (age and sex), an inventory of each skeleton, measurements, skeletal pathology data, records of teeth examined and their pathological conditions, and results of all biochemical analyses undertaken to date (C, N, O, Sr, Pb isotopes; Pb and Sr concentration). No information on the archaeological context of the skeletons (e.g., provenience, grave goods, etc.) is included in this database, as that information is the purview of the Archaeological Superintendency of Rome.
I'm suggesting a CC BY-NC-SA license for these data -- that is, feel free to use the data as you see fit for your academic publications; I just ask that you credit me appropriately. For a synthesis of data from different sites, citation is fine. If you're interested in analyzing unpublished data, like dental pathology, I would appreciate co-authorship.
To find my own analyses and interpretations, or to get additional context, please see the relevant publications at the link below. If you don't have access to them, I will gladly send you a copy of anything published or under review.
I have photographs of skeletons and pathologies that you can request if needed.
Don't hesitate to contact me for more information, to ask about resarch that's been done with these collections, or to suggest a paper that we could collaborate on.
And see the author's announcement on her blog Powered by Osteons.

CCMAwR: Critical Catalogue of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals

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CCMAwR: Critical Catalogue of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals
http://www.ccmawr.altorientalistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/ccmawr/images/home.jpg
The Critical Catalogue of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals (CCMAwR) is the backbone of the online corpus of Mesopotamian anti-witchcraft texts. It offers information on the different anti-witchcraft compositions/editions and their manuscripts/tablets.

You can search the CCMAwR catalogue for tablets by choosing one of the first three options when you are looking for respectively: 1) information on a specific tablet; 2) a group of tablets (e.g., all anti-witchcraft tablets from a certain provenance or period); or 3) a tablet that was copied in a certain publication.

The resulting page will give you information on the tablet's format, the language, script and the period it was written in, and its archival context (if known). Links to CDLI and/or HPM are provided when available. Moreover, Schwemer's cuneiform copies can be accessed. If the tablet is edited in CMAwR vol. 1 or 2, links to information on the relevant composition(s) on CCMAwR and to their digital edition on Oracc (vol. 1) are given as well.

You can also search the CCMAwR catalogue for compositions by choosing one of the last three options when you are looking for respectively: 4) information on a specific composition (by group and title as edited in CMAwR); 5) the composition(s) including certain incantations; or 6) a composition that was previously edited elsewhere (thus excluding CMAwR).

The composition information is at present restricted to the compositions edited in CMAwR vol. 1 (complete) and vol. 2 (in progress). The retrieved data includes a link to the composition on Oracc (vol. 1), information on the content and synopsis of the text (vol. 1), previous editions (vol. 1) and relevant manuscripts (vol. 1 and 2).

Included and forthcoming in CCMAwR

Data on the compositions and tablets edited in:
Tzvi Abusch - Daniel Schwemer, Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals, vol. 1, Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2011.Completed
Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals, vol. 2In progress
Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals, vol. 3Forthcoming
Tzvi Abusch, The Magical Ceremony Maqlû, in press.Forthcoming

Related websites

CMAwRo (http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/cmawro/corpus) presents online critical editions of Mesopotamian rituals and incantations against witchcraft. The text editions and translations are derived from the Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-witchcraft Rituals (CMAwR vol. 1, Brill: 2011).
An explanatory website on Mesopotamian witchcraft and magic can be found on http://www.cmawro.altorientalistik.uni-wuerzburg.de/.

Acknowledgements

CCMAwR was created as part of the DFG-funded project Corpus babylonischer Rituale und Beschwörungen gegen Schadenzauber: Edition, lexikalische Erschließung, historische und literarische Analyse, directed by Daniel Schwemer at the University of Würzburg.


Dayr Mar Elian Archaeological Project

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Dayr Mar Elian Archaeological Project
Emma Loosley, 2004 
The Dayr Mar Elian Archaeological Project (DMEAP) was first thought of at Easter 2000 when His Grace Monsignor George Kassab, Syrian Catholic Archbishop of Homs, Hama and Nabk, gave the monastery of Mar Elian to the monastic community of Dayr Mar Musa, Nabk. Since the community had already restored one late antique monastery and re-founded a monastic order at the site, it was hoped that they could achieve a similar transformation at the neighbouring foundation. In 2001 a preliminary survey was undertaken, and in 2002 the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums granted an excavation permit.  

Sydney Cyprus Survey Project

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Sydney Cyprus Survey Project
A Bernard Knapp, Michael Given
http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/scsp_var_2001/images/1_Mitsero.jpg
The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project (SCSP) was an intensive archaeological survey in the northern Troodos Mountains on the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. Between 1992 and 1997 it undertook five seasons of fieldwork, established initially at Macquarie University, Sydney, but after 1996 based at the Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow.
SCSP covered a 65 sq km area straddling two geological zones, the sedimentary plain and the igneous foothills. This is an area that has always been reputed for its natural resources, not least the copper sulphide ore deposits in the Lower Pillow Lavas. One of our primary goals was to use archaeological landscape data to analyse the relationship between the production and distribution of agricultural and metallurgical resources, and to chart the changing configurations of a complex society and the individuals within it. SCSP was designed to investigate the total landscape of its chosen area, and to determine the patterning of settlement and other human activity in the landscape through time.

The results and data from SCSP's work are being disseminated in four different media:
  1. academic publication, in particular the final monograph Given, M. & Knapp, A. B. (2003). The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project: Social Approaches to Regional Archaeological Survey, With twenty contributors, Monumenta Archaeologica 21, Los Angeles, University of California at Los Angeles Cotsen Institute of Archaeology;
  2. a general-interest booklet in Greek: In the Footsteps of the Ancients: The History and Archaeology of the Orini District in Cyprus);
  3. an overview on our project website, including the facility of exploring the survey area in maps, photographs and description ( http://www.scsp.arts.gla.ac.uk/);
  4. a digital archive curated and presented by the Archaeology Data Service. This consists of primarily of database and GIS files, and images giving GIS-generated analyses of human activity across the landscape.

Classical Inquiries: Studies on the Ancient World from CHS

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Classical Inquiries: Studies on the Ancient World from CHS
http://classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/cropped-WebBGstrip.jpg

Classical Inquiries Dialogues

Classical Inquiries (CI) is an online, rapid-publication project of Harvard’s Center for Hellenic Studies, devoted to sharing some of the latest thinking on the ancient world with researchers and the general public.

The primary author for CI will be Gregory Nagy, who is currently the Director at the Center and the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard University in Cambridge. Nagy will post on a wide variety of topics and will be joined by an intergenerational team of CHS researchers from Harvard and beyond. We have committed to publishing at least one new piece of research per week.

Many of the studies published here will be incorporated into future CHS publications and learning modules. Thus, Classical Inquiries is a dynamic complement to the rich and evolving collection of publications available online through the CHS. As a rapid-publication project, it serves a critical function in the overall CHS strategy regarding integration of research, content & community development, and online publication.

New Open Access Monograph Series: MOSAIKmonografien

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MOSAIKmonografien

Was sind die MOSAIKmongrafien ?

  • Die MOSAIKmonografien sind e-Publikationen, die sich - wie auch das MOSAIKjournal - thematisch mit den Hinterlassenschaften Alter Kulturen beschäftigen.
  • Die MOSAIKmonografien bieten WissenschaftlerInnen unterschiedlicher Fachgebiete die Möglichkeit, ihre monografischen Abhandlungenen zu einem spezifischen Thema zu publizieren.
  • Die MOSAIKmonografien wendet sich vor allem an Ägyptologen, Althistoriker, Altphilologen, Assyriologen, Klassische Archäologen, Kunsthistoriker, Meso- und Altamerikanisten, Prähistoriker, Provinzialrömische Archäologen, Vorderasien Archäologen und an alle anderen, die an der Erforschung des kulturellen Erbes des Altertums interessiert sind.

MOSAIKmongrafien 1 (2014)

Maria Kristina Lahn –
Die Göttin Qedeschet

Herausgegeben von
Maria Kristina Lahn und
Maren-Grischa Schröter
ISBN: 978-3-00-050134-0
Abstract
›Die Göttin Qedeschet – Genese einer Hybridgottheit ‹
von Maria Kristina Lahn
Untersucht man die ›Göttin Qedeschet‹, stellt sich gleich zu Anfang ein schwer lösbares Problem: die Abgrenzung der ägyptischen Göttin Qedeschet von dem im vorderasiatischen G e biet vorkommenden ›Qedeschet - Typ‹. In Ägypten ist ein bestimmter ikonografischer Typ – eine nackte, frontale Frauenfigur, auf einem Löwen stehend – belegt, der in den meisten Fällen mit der Namensbezeichnung Qedeschet, inklusive verschiedener Epitheta, vorkommt. In Syrien - Palästina und dem restlichen Vorderen Orient hingegen findet sich ein nahezu identischer ikonografischer Typ, der in keinem einzigen Fall näher mit e iner entsprechenden Inschrift spezifiziert wurde.
Die weite regionale Verteilung wirft die Frage nach dem eigentlichen Ursprungsgebiet der Göttin auf. Was wir mit der Göttin Qedeschet vorliegen haben, ist nicht vergleichbar mit nach Ägypten ›importierten‹ ausländischen Gottheiten, wie Anat, Astarte, Reschef, usw. Diese sind in ihrem Heimatland als solche bekannt; denn auch dort – und nicht nur in Ägypten – haben sie eine entsprechende Ikonografie und namentliche Erwähnungen. Bei Qedeschet ließ sich eine an dere Entstehungsgeschichte rekonstruieren: Der Basistyp der ›Nackten Göttin‹ ist, einer langen Tradition entspringend, aus dem syro - palästinensischen Kernland nach Ägypten transferiert worden. Dort wurde er dann nicht nur mit heimischen, dem ägypt i- schen Re zipienten vertrauten, Attributen ausgestattet, sondern zusätzlich mit einem ›ausländisch klinge n- den‹ Namen, aber auch mit klassisch ägyptischen Epitheta versehen. Gleichzeitig wirkte der in Ägypten neu entwickelte Göttinnentyp in das palästinensische Nachb arland zurück, was die z. T. ägyptisierten Da r- ste l lu n gen in dieser Region erklärt. Gleichzeitig wurde der Typ in Syrien - Palästina nicht nur von Ägy p ten her, sondern auch durch die Grenzgebiete im Nordosten und Osten beeinflusst . Somit kann Qedeschet als ei ne Göttin identifiziert werden , die man als ›echte‹ Hybridgottheit bezeic h nen kann. Hybride Identit ä- ten zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sie in Gebieten kultureller Übe r schneidung auftreten und dort nicht still verharren, sondern stets variabel, kontextuell und wa n delbar bleiben. So stellt Qedeschet – sowohl die Göttin als auch der Typ – eine hybride Form dar, die abhängig von Region oder Zeit verschiedene, ch a- rakteristische Aspekte in sich vereint, in ihrer Grundform aber stets hybrid und somit per definiti onem wa n- delbar bleibt. Über das Schaffen einer solchen Identität war für die Ägypter ein Zugang zum Göttlichen möglich, der neben Sy n kretismen, Mischgestalten oder dem ›Import‹ ganzer Gottheiten als Möglichkeit bestand.
Vor allem über die Art der Objektga ttung en und die Ikonologie , aber auch über die fo r me l haften I n- schriften , ließen sich Erkenntnisse darüber gewinnen , was sich der Stifter von der Got t heit erhoffte. Alles weist darauf hin, dass sie sich in den Bereich fürsorgender Schut z gottheiten einfügen lässt . In dieser Fun k- tion konnte sie in verschiedenen Bereichen zum Einsatz kommen: im Dies - oder Jenseits, unterwegs oder zu Hause, in einer profanen oder sakralen Umgebung, als Teil magischer Sprüche oder als Adressatin al l- gemeiner Wünsche und spezieller Krankheiten. Im ägyptischen Kontext wird sie v. a. über ihre Epitheta nicht nur in das ägyptische religiöse System integriert, sondern auch wiederholt mit den Göttinnen Isis, Hathor, Anat und Astarte in Verbindung gebracht, die selbst als heilende, übelab wehrende und schütze n- de Mächte bekannt sind.

Analysis of Roman Silver Coins, Augustus to Nero (27 BC - AD 69)

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Analysis of Roman Silver Coins, Augustus to Nero (27 BC - AD 69)
Matthew Ponting, Kevin Butcher
http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/coins_lt_2005/images/intro.png
Silver coins formed the backbone of currency in the Roman Empire and are likely to have been the main media for long-distance monetary exchange. Imperial fiscal policies and financial problems can be detected through metallurgical analysis of imperial silver coinages. Roman emperors manipulated the silver content (fineness) of the coinage to solve short-term financial problems frequently caused by government overspending. For the most part, this manipulation involved the reduction of the silver content of the coinage – debasement - in conjunction with a drop in weight. 

In the 1970s an important study was published by D. R. Walker of Oxford, documenting the silver contents of Roman Imperial silver coins by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) (Walker 1976-78). This appeared to be a definitive study of the subject, and until recently was the principal authority and reference for economic historians on the monetary policies of the Roman empire. However, during the late 1980s it was realised that there were serious problems with Walker’s data. These can be attributed to a faulty technique of analysis; Roman silver coins were produced from an alloy of silver and copper, which was deliberately treated in antiquity to remove some of the copper from the surface of the coin, giving impure coins the appearance of being pure. Walker had analyzed only the surfaces of coins, and assumed that this was representative of the entire objects, with the result that his figures for the silver content are far too high and very variable. 

In 1995 the silver coinage of the Flavian Emperors issued for the city of Caesarea in Cappadocia were the subjects of an initial enquiry where samples of metal were drilled out from the interior of a representative series of coins (Butcher and Ponting 1995). Several of the coins so analysed were the same specimens as had been analysed by Walker for the ‘Metrology’ and served to underline the problems with the use of ‘non-destructive’ analysis of silver coins. The analytical technique used for this project was atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), which, in addition to the silver and copper in the alloy, is also capable of measuring several minor and trace elements. These additional data enabled more detailed characterization of the alloys used for the coinage and this in turn has allowed the identification of changes in mint operation and location to be identified. 

Some small projects using this approach followed, investigating aspects of the silver coinage of Trajan and Septimius Severus (Butcher and Ponting 1997 and 1998). This further demonstrated the potential of the methodology for addressing many of the questions about how Roman silver coinages functioned and related to one another. 

In 2001 funding was obtained from the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No. RF&G/6/2002/0336) and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Research Committee and the University Research Board of the American University of Beirut, Lebanon to undertake a one year project to apply this methodology to the coinage of the first Imperial dynasty, that of the Julio-Claudians. A more sensitive analytical technique was employed, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), that enabled much better quality data for important trace elements, such as arsenic, tin and bismuth, to be obtained. These data, together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-analysis (SEM-EDS), optical microscopy (metallography) and some limited lead isotope analysis by laser ablation multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) form the basis of a series of publications in print (Butcher and Ponting 2005a), in press (Butcher and Ponting 2005b) and in preparation.

Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project

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Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project
Michael Given, Vasiliki Kassianidou, A Bernard Knapp, Jay Noller, Luke Sollars, Hugh Corley
The Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project (TAESP) worked in the northern foothills of the Troodos Mountains in central Cyprus. It was directed by Dr Michael Given and Prof. A. Bernard Knapp (University of Glasgow), Dr Vasiliki Kassianidou (University of Cyprus) and Prof. Jay Noller (Oregon State University). In six seasons of fieldwork between 2000 and 2004 our team collected and analysed a substantial archaeological and geomorphological data set. This encompasses all periods from the Neolithic to the present day, a wide range of topographical and environmental contexts, and a broad spectrum of disciplinary and interdisciplinary expertise.

Aims

The Troodos Archaeological and Environmental Survey Project (TAESP) investigated human activity in the north-central Troodos mountains of Cyprus during all time periods. The core of its methodology consisted of intensive archaeological and geomorphological survey. The survey area includes fertile and well-watered valleys, drier plains, copper-bearing foothills, and the northern part of the Troodos Range itself. Other than some rescue excavation of tombs, no systematic archaeological work had been done in this area. 

Our research focused on the dynamic relationship between human society and the environment. We documented and analysed settlement patterns, land use patterns and communication networks across the landscape at all time periods, and related them to environmental factors such as physical landforms, soils and sediments, vegetation and water. A particular focus was the nature and development of resource exploitation, especially agriculture and metallurgical production. Related themes included the production of pottery and stone tools, forest resources and soil management.
This digital archive was undertaken in conjunction with an electronic publication through the Linking Electronic Archives and Publications (LEAP) project. The corresponding article is 'Joining the Dots: Continuous Survey, Routine Practice and the Interpretation of a Cypriot Landscape (with interactive GIS and integrated data archive)' by Michael Given, Hugh Corley, and Luke Sollars, which can be found in Internet Archaeology 20.


The Laconia Survey Project

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The Laconia Survey Project
Graham Shipley, W G Cavanagh, J H Crouwel, Charles Crowther, Fréderique Landuyt
http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/laconia_ba_2004/images/landscape.jpg
Between 1983 and 1989 a joint team from the British School at Athens and the Universities of Amsterdam and Nottingham carried out an intensive survey of a 70 sq. km. area of Laconia across the Eurotas river to the east of the ancient site of Sparta. In the course of the survey new and previously-known inscriptions were recorded. This archive, along with the project website, is intended to serve as a complement to G. Shipley's catalogue of epigraphical finds in the survey publication by offering digitised images of squeezes and published photographs of the inscriptions.

Digitisation of photographs and squeezes was carried out by Frédérique Landuyt, who also created the project website under the direction of Graham Shipley and Charles Crowther.

Guide de l’Epigraphiste: Online Supplement 2015

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Guide de l’Epigraphiste
Guide de l’épigraphiste
Bibliographie choisie des épigraphies antiques et médiévales
François Bérard, Denis Feissel, Nicolas Laubry, Pierre Petitmengin, Denis Rousset, Michel Sève et collaborateurs.
Quatrième édition entièrement refondue.
Guides et inventaires bibliographiques de la Bibliothèque de l’École normale supérieure, 7.
OTHER DOCUMENTS
 
You may download the following documents :
— the prefaces of the first and third edition,
— a concordance between entry numbers of the third and fourth editions,
— the list of abbreviations that are listed in the Guide,
— the list of websites that are listed in the Guide, with the relevant links ; these links will be regularly checked and updated,
— the list of book call-numbers in the École normale supérieure Library.
 
ABOUT THE SUPPLEMENTS
 
The authors intend to present every year a supplement, which will be avalaible for downloading.
 
Download available files :
 

Contextual analysis of the use of space at two Near Eastern Bronze Age sites

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Contextual analysis of the use of space at two Near Eastern Bronze Age sites
Roger J. Matthews, Nicholas Postgate
This archive represents the raw material of a project designed to collect and analyse data from two Near Eastern excavations, Tell Brak in north-eastern Syria, and Kilise Tepe in southern Turkey. The project was jointly initiated by Dr. R.J. Matthews and J.N. Postgate, and was funded by the Leverhulme Trust (Grant F757).

These data were intended to throw light on the use of space within two different urban settlements, and, by adopting standardised objectives and procedures, to enable comparison between the same phenomena at two different sites.

The archive consists of

Settlement and Community: Their Location, Limits, and Movement through the Landscape of Historical Cyprus

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Settlement and Community: Their Location, Limits, and Movement through the Landscape of Historical Cyprus: PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow (2005)
Luke Sollars
Settlement is an inevitability of human presence in a landscape; a collection of houses indicates settlement, but so too does a field system - the farmers must live somewhere. Wherever there are people there will be settlement, from large concrete and glass urban centres to the tented impermanence of a nomads' camp. Settlement is a result of the human presence, but remains a sterile idea without some discussion of community. Certainly settlement can be studied without community, but it remains an abstract assembly of parts unless the people that constructed or occupied it are taken into account. A single settlement is home to numerous communities that continuously form, divide and reform in response to the changing practical and social situations that everyday life presents. Before any settlement is established a series of decisions has to be made with due consideration of an area's topography and natural resources, as well as existing settlements in the landscape and any established social, economic or political systems. Physical considerations such as a settlement's location and extent, or the definition of its boundaries, can be viewed individually, but are more usefully considered in conjunction with one another so that a settlement is treated as a working unit that is part of a wider system, rather than an abstract collection of components.

This thesis approaches questions of settlement and community in historic Cyprus - from the Late Roman period to the end of the Ottoman period - through a presentation of the experience and results of fieldwork I carried out in 2003. The fieldwork comprised a survey project specifically conceived, planned and executed by myself for my PhD research. It focused on three discrete areas of Cyprus: Akrotiri, a low-lying area of salt marsh, batha and citrus groves in the south of the island; an area of agriculture and coastal maquis on the west coast, north of Peyia; and the Nikitari village territory, which stretches from the southern margins of the Mesaoria up into the lower reaches of the Troodos mountains. The topographical cross section evident in my chosen areas gave me the opportunity to study the diversity of settlement across most of the range of habitats of the island, from the coast, through plains, scrub and foot hills, to all but the highest reaches of the Troodos mountains. My experiences in the landscape undoubtedly influenced my observation, recording and interpretation of material evidence in the field, and are a vital, if elusive element of my data. I have exploited their influence to make my presentation the landscape I perceived coherent and vivid. Whilst they could not give me a complete understanding of the experiences of the erstwhile occupants of the settlements I have studied, my own experiences do lead me toward it through an appreciation of the landscape and the considerations necessary for anyone living, working or travelling in it. Through my data I examine the location of settlements in the landscape and their changing distribution over time, before endeavouring to identify evidence for community amongst the physical remains in the landscape.

Byzantine Chronicle

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Byzantine Chronicle
http://www.byzantium.xronikon.com/images/byzz.jpg
The Purpose
The"Byzantine Chronicle"web site (www.byzantium.xronikon.com), is a short guide and a quick reference to the emperors of Byzantium.
This site is not about the history of the Byzantium, in general. It is, specifically, about the Byzantine Emperors. It focuses on the emperors and gives basic information about them.
Byzantium
The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Byzantium" are conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
These terms derive from the original Greek name for Constantinople; Byzantion. The name is ancient, but the Byzantines themselves never used the terms "Byzantine" and "Byzantium", at least not with the meaning that they have today.
The term "Byzantine" was invented in 1557, about a century after the fall of Constantinople, by the German historian Hieronymus Wolf, who introduced it in his work Corpus Historiae Byzantinae in order to distinguish ancient Roman from medieval Greek history.

The Byzantine Epoch
The end of the Byzantine empire came on the 29th May 1453.
This is quite clear.

There is no consensus, however, on the starting date of the Byzantine period.
Usually, the story of Byzantium starts with Constantine the Great. Some sources place it during the reign of Theodosius I (379-395) and the triumph of Christianity, or with the division of the empire into Western and Eastern parts after his death. Others place it yet further in 476, when the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was forced to abdicate, thus leaving to the emperor in the Greek East sole imperial authority.
Other proposed starting points are the reigns of Diocletian (284-305), of Justinian and of Heraklios.

The fact is that the process of Hellenization and Christianization, which transformed the Roman Empire into the Byzantine one, started gradually in the days of Diocletian, was dramatically advanced by the decisions of Constantine the Great, was accelerated after Theodosius I and was concluded during the reign of Heraklios
In this site, we follow the most common assumption: Byzantium begins in 330 A.D., the year that Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire.
So, the chronology of the site covers the period 330 to 1453: A total of 1123 years.
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